Our world is going through a period of environmental changes caused by human activities in recent decades. This includes the introduction of exotic species and large-scale changes in land use, carbon emissions into the biosphere and forest harvesting or burning. In the fight against environmental change and global warming, forests play a major role. Climate change is causing great concern worldwide for forest dieback (forest mortality) and reduced forest growth due to drought phenomena. This is accompanied by high carbon costs due to reductions in gross old-growth production and net ecosystem exchange. Changes in atmospheric circulation patterns may play a determining role in the functionality and survival of temperate deciduous forests in the future. In addition, European forests are also affected by a series of storms, widespread forest fires, rapidly spreading bark beetle infestations, and various other pest and disease outbreaks. Such disturbances events will shift in terms of frequency and intensity due to climate change. This results in alteration of forest ecosystems and their services, including human amenities. As climate warming accelerates, the limits of species tolerance to long-term extreme events remain uncertain.